Paul Scheerbart And His Art Ideas Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Paul Scheerbart And His Art Ideas - Essay Example Paul Scheerbart is regarded as the only poet in architecture by Bruno Tau. Scheerbart tried to focus on the idea of glass architecture. It is the dream of every architect is soaring, light, colorful, crystal clear and mobile constructions that will help to enhance and transform the habits of feeling and thoughts of Old Europe. The novel provides a vivid comprehensive background for both Bruno Taut and Paul Scheerbart. For more than twenty years, the German poet Paul Scheerbart wrote about glass architecture to present personal ideas1. The first novel of the author is the Gray Cloth. The author tried to use the structural simplicity and subtle irony of a fairy tale which is translated into English to present the philosophies and concepts of colored glass in Glass Architecture. The prime objective of the author is to reform mankind to make civilization better and make build a new society. The utopia of Scheerbart is that spiritual activities and metaphysical interest is connected with the new construction technology and it will cultivate to be the imaginative force in future. According to the Paul Scheerbart, the project consists of the building which is made up of glass materials and spiritual construction of buildings. The glass house of the author consists of glass elements which are colored. The daylight can pass through the colored glass and filter the colors. Scheerbart states that most of the people live in the enclosed spaces which help to form an environment and led to the evolution of culture2. Culture is known to be a product of architecture. The people are forced to transform the architecture if they wish to raise the level of culture. The author presents that the introduction of glass architecture can influence effectively to the evolution of culture. Glass architecture can let the light of stars, moon, and sunlight.

The history of money Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The history of money - Assignment Example This will discourage the bank from circulating many dollars in the country. Therefore, introduction of gold-based reserve system is a sure way to manage inflation and national budgets. Third, the gold-based reserve system encourages a health completion in the business within a country. Introduction of this system in the United States will encourage increase in industrial innovations. These because the industries will look for advanced technological methods in order to produce quality products. This will have a positive impact on the United States economy (Ravenhill 10) However, there are shortcomings of this system in United States. To start with, it may stunt the growth of U.S economic growth. A focus of production based on the amount of gold will overlook the resourceful contributions of the American people. Second the system may inflate the rates on interest. This principal reason for this is to maintain the value of the dollar over that of the gold. Finally, many industries will face the danger of crumbling due to lack of funding from the government (Ravenhill 11). Canada is not immune to hyperinflation. The country does not have enough gold mines. The exhaustion of the available reserve will mark the start of inflation. The country economy will stagnate since they will have no funds to support their industries. This will affect my purchasing power and will destabilize my financial position thereby disrupting my lifestyle. The most plausible choice for my investment is in the shares. The principal reason for investing in these financial products is because of their high turn over (Ravenhill 69). Here in GTA, the data from Market Shares indicates their exemplary performance. The pros of shares include, they have a higher growth rate, there is high privacy in shares, and there are bonuses. The only con in this choice is the high risk of liquidation. Rational analysis directs my choice. The good trends in the share markets

Development of Collective Bargaining in the United States Research Paper

Development of Collective Bargaining in the United States - Research Paper Example Collective bargaining policies in the United States have played a very important role over the years. There were numerous efforts that were made for the development of collective bargaining by the way of formation of various legislations and labor unions. For the development of collective bargaining in the United States, there had been a lot of conflicts that were determined to arise between the employers and the employees. There were conflicts relating to the rights of the employees, management and the unions in the organizations. There were also conflicts that were viewed which accounted for increasing wages and salaries that were demanded by the employees. During this conflicting period, managers/employers were given full right to dismiss the workers/employees which was very objectionable for the employees (Andrews, 1981). Collective bargaining in the past was a major source of challenge for the US. It was more of a despicable situation when employers and employees had to cope up with the practice of this concept. However, the employees seem to suffer the most at all times because of the exclusion of collective bargaining in the US organizations (Mills, 1981). However, with the passage of time, the US has been able to adopt and practice collective bargaining and follow liberalization in the wage structures of the employees. The American labor policies have been formulated as per the company standards. The governing laws of the US in the organizational context have strived to keep pace with growth and maintain competitiveness with the organizations of different countries. The governing principles of US are now focusing towards incorporating collective bargaining at a whole new level in order to improve the economy of the country by a considerable extent. The country is planning to incorporate collective bargaining in different sectors that may include education sector and governmental agencies among others

Total reward Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Total reward - Coursework Example Total rewards include all the things which employees perceive as valuable for building strong relationship with the company. With the change of business environment the concept of total rewards is continuously changing and becoming more advanced. TR is composed of five elements. They are benefits, compensation, performance and recognition, work-life, development, career opportunities etc. With the help of all of these elements an organization satisfies its employees. This report deals with Mitchell Bank. Various issues of the bank are discussed in this report. For motivating and retaining the employees, the bank can use Armstrong and Brown model of total rewards. This model will help the bank to improve its business condition and increase its profitability. Mitchell Bank was established in 1895 in UK. The bank operates its business functions with the help of different divisions. The organization has large number of employees. Presently with the increase of competition in banking sect or, Mitchell Bank is facing some serious problems which are discussed in this report. Therefore for making Mitchell Bank’s business activities effective and to hold its position in competitive market the company needs to improve many things. The similar organizations of Mitchell Bank are Royal bank of Scotland (RBS) and Ernst and Young (E&Y). Both of these companies are involved in performing almost same types of business activities. These companies are very much concerned about their employees. They try to satisfy their employees by various ways. Total rewards of RBS and E&Y are slightly different from each other. The elements of their total rewards in these companies are very strong and effective which help them in motivating, retaining and attracting employees (Kaplan, 2007). As a result these companies are able to delivery good performance with its satisfied workers. This is one of the important factors which help these companies to increase

Sex Education and Why It Should Be Increased in Schools Essay

Sex Education and Why It Should Be Increased in Schools - Essay Example Teenagers should be made aware about the issue of teenage pregnancy and its consequences by promoting sex education in their schools. Sex education is a term used to describe education about human sexuality. It includes the teaching of human sexual behavior, male and female anatomy, reproduction, contraception and sexually transmitted diseases. Sex is a subject to which teens are not properly introduced. People in their teens are only exposed to sex through their friends, media and sometimes through their parents. This makes them unaware of the details linked with sexual intercourse and reproduction. It has been seen that teen pregnancies are most common where the teenagers are not formally educated on the subject of sex. Schools play a very important role in educating the students as it provides an environment for learning. Such an environment is necessary if the teens are to be properly educated about sex. When they are properly equipped with the knowledge, it broadens their view a nd the students can form their own point of view regarding sex. It is also seen that places where education is less common tend to have a higher rate of teenage pregnancies. Contraception and sexually transmitted diseases are the subjects which need most highlighting. ... Hence the sex education teens receive at the hands of their parents is inadequate. This makes it ever so important to include special classes in schools to enlighten the students about sex. A further important thing is the timing at which this education should be imparted. Most of the students that are in their late teens would have already experimented on a sexual relationship. Hence teens should be given classes when they are near puberty so that they have all the knowledge about sex and can think over it before starting a relationship. Rather than focusing on the facts and problems related to sex, teens should be given adequate information to prevent them. They should be taught about problems related to sexuality like complications in menstrual cycles, sexually transmitted diseases and early pregnancies. Teens should be told about contraception and how it could be achieved and from where they can get condoms without embarrassing themselves (Davis, 1995). Sex education will undoubt edly prevent a large number of teenage pregnancies that arise due to lack of proper information about the sexual experience. Once it is decided that the schools incorporate sex education in their curriculum, it is imperative to look for a teacher that can cater to teenagers’ needs and understand their psychology. The teacher should be confident and talk to the teenagers like a friend so that they voice their confusions without getting uncomfortable. Also the classes for sex education should be conducted in a single sex environment that is boys should have a class with all boys and the same goes for the girls. With such planning, teenagers will be able to get most out of the class (Irvine,

Impressions of Stella Essay Example for Free

Impressions of Stella Essay A Streetcar Named Desire contains many different themes and symbolism, included by Williams to help introduce the characters and ideas of the play. I believe one of the main ideas Williams tries to convey in this play is to do with the streetcar being a metaphor for the idea of fate, going down one route and not being able to change your direction but being destined to arrive in one, pre-chosen destination. Take a streetcar named desire, and then transfer to one called the cemeteries shows further how Williams chose the name of the play to symbolise how desire and passion (in Blanches case) lead to death or self destruction. Within the first two scenes of the play, my first impressions of Stanley were that he was the alpha male, in charge of his household, very stereotypical of a working class man. You also see Stanley as quite short tempered and slightly violent without many manners. Stanley is first seen in the play in a bowling jacket which shows immediately his working class background and joy in sports. He is also carrying a red meat stained package showing his savage manliness and that he is bringing home the food for his family. His character is also constructed through the language he uses in the first scene; in a conversation with Stella he answers Catch! Meat! Bowling! Come on all very short to the point plain answers showing again he is working class with primitive speech. Throughout the play Williams builds on his character and we see a more violent and equally passionate side of Stanley as he becomes more and more angry towards Blanche finally raping her and then with Stella, as we see the violence he shows towards her suddenly change into a raw, animal like passion. Stanleys lines are very to the point and often shouted showing his working class and straight up attitude, but also his tendency to anger and need for dominance of his life and the people in it. My first impressions of Stella arise from the conversation she has with Blanche. They show her as very quiet, and quite simple compared to her sister. She appears to not be worried about her appearance, as she is wearing simple clothes that have been made dirty. This additionally shows how Stella has become more working class than the way she was brought up because she married a working class husband, and could symbolise that unlike Blanche hiding behind fancy clothes, she has nothing to hide. Right from the beginning you are given signs of Stellas infatuation with Stanley, and it seems that from Blanches speech, she has matured and settled down becoming more lower class than the class she was born into at Belle Reve. The way Blanche speaks to Stella shows the drop in class as she seems surprised and looks at Stella with a slight distaste. This is shows when she exclaims, What Two rooms, and we are shown Stellas maturity in, How quiet you are, youre so peaceful As the play goes on I dont think my impressions about Stella change dramatically I think I understand more the extent of Stellas desire for Stanley as she continues to go back to him after violence and rage. I think you learn most about Blanches character within the first two scenes although some of these impressions maybe false. Within her first conversation with Stella she comes across as very open, speaking freely and plentifully but later on we see how closed she is with a lot of history that she tries to keep hidden. She also becomes a lot frailer; she is described as a moth having to avoid strong light but as the play goes on she is shown in light and we see how old and decayed she really is. We discover in the first two scenes that Blanche is an alcoholic, and shows she is unable to control it I never had your beautiful self-control. She also shows that she is secretive about this and deceitful to Stella when the subject occurs. This shows a side of Blanches character that develops through the play as we see how much she is hiding and lying about to Stella and Stanley. I do think Blanches appearance is of her true character right through the play though, as Williams describes her daintily dressed that her appearance is incongruous to this setting of a rough neighbourhood and that Her delicate beauty must avoid strong light. I think these descriptions show more of Blanches character than the way she acts or what she says at the beginning because you are able to tell straight away she is fragile, used to posh places and could be quite snobby and that she cares about her appearance. She shows this very openly through the first conversation with Stella, wanting to show it off, look at my figure! She also shows vanity, mentioning Stellas appearance Youve put on some weight, youre as plump as a little partridge! Blanches snobbery is shown as she expectantly asks Stella, You have a maid, dont you?

Development of a Resilient Wireless Sensor Network

Development of a Resilient Wireless Sensor Network Development of a Resilient Wireless Sensor Network for Real-Time Outdoor Applications Maneesha Vinodini Ramesh, Parvathy Rajan, Divya Pullarkat Abstract Wireless sensor networks that are deployed for any outdoor applications face the challenge of link variations. The outdoor sensor network would be affected because of unpredictable changes in the environment. The effect can vary accordingly with a single hop and a multi hop sensor network. In this paper, we analyze the causes of poor link quality, received signal strength and packet reception rate due to factors such as shadowing, fading, foliage, and rainfall. We use the packet-oriented simulation tool, Qualnet 5.0.2 to create a simulation framework. This enables us to observe the effects of the signal quality separately and independently after the environmental factors. The results developed from the simulation are tested and assessed with the data received from the real time wireless sensor network to monitor landslides located at Munnar, India. Keywords— wireless sensor networks, shadowing, fading, link quality, received signal strength, rate of packet loss, path loss, fault tolerant I. Introduction Wireless sensor networks are extensively used for environmental monitoring, landslide detection, disaster management etc. These networks are mostly deployed in outdoor scenarios. These outdoor deployments of wireless sensor networks experience intermittent loss of link due to rainfall, foliage, fading and shadowing. This will affect the reliability of the network due to reduction in the packet reception rate. Hence outdoor wireless sensor networks needs an efficient fault tolerant mechanism capable to deal with the dynamic changes in the environment. For the design and development of a fault tolerant network it is highly necessary to accurately predict the expected dynamic changes in the environment and its effects on the network. The dynamic changes in an outdoor environment are due to rainfall rate, fog, vegetation, reflection, diffraction, shadowing etc. Due to these effects we cannot assure a line of sight path in every scenario. The non line of sight path causes the signal to degrade and cause the low quality in the transmission. To avoid the degradation of the link quality this work aims to determine the causes of link variation and the network parameters that get affected due to this change. Existing empirical models for rainfall, foliage, shadowing and fading are used to analyze the cause and effect relation using Qualnet software simulator. These analysis results will be used for developing an adaptive routing protocol that will increase the reliability of the system. To find out how the environmental factors are affecting the signal quality a simulation model was done in Qualnet. By integrating the models in the Qualnet simulator the impact of different rate of packet transmissions were analyzed with respect to path loss and packet reception rate variations. It is observed that rainfall rate and propagation distance through foliage above a particular value affects the signal quality drastically than any other propagational parameters. To investigate the accuracy of the simulated model, data from the real-time wireless sensor network system for landslide monitoring, deployed at Munnar, India was correlated with the simulated result and it showed about 95% similarity. In this paper section II describes the related works. The propagational challenges prone to the wireless sensor networks are described in section III. The software architecture design used for the simulation is shown in section IV. The simulation results with various cases were shown in section V. Section VI conveys the conclusion and future works. II. Related Works: In [1] Margham et al. the effect of rainfall rate on the link quality was analyzed and the result shown that there is a negative impact on the link quality. But the authors did not considered or investigated any effect of path loss, shadowing and fading effects. In [2] Boccur et al. a statistical analyzing on the link quality estimation is done by building a software bench marking tool called RadialE where the authors failed to discuss on the dynamic change of environment effect on the link quality. In [6] Ahmed et al. the authors discussed the accuracy of the existing path loss model with linear regression method on the measured data. Then concluded that a site specific information is necessary for the deployment of the wireless sensor networks. In [3] Ren et al. the effect of Rayleigh fading and shadowing was done by simulation in the opnet simulator. The effect of the path loss was also optimized through adapting the path loss exponent values. In [8]Dasarathan et al. the signal st rength measurements were taken with path loss, shadowing and fading models. Done with InSSIDer simulator to take different signal strength values on outdoor and indoor environments at different locations. In [9] Erceg et al. a path loss model and path loss exponent model based determination of signal strength was done for the deployment at outdoor. Putra et al. [15]explains that a signal is affected with the effect of vegetation and wind. A statistical analyzing is done. The linearity relationship between the received signal strength and link quality is calculated in Ekka [4] et al. In [7]Nose et al. a signal strength based route construction is done to tolerate fault in the network. In most of the existing works the network performance was discussed either through any propagation effects, a combined analyzing is not done so far. This paper analyzed the combined effect of the propagational effects in the network quality. III. Propagational challenges: The wireless sensor networks deployed in the outdoor can be affected by various propagational challenges such as path loss, fading, shadowing etc. Most of these propagational effects are mainly due to the environmental factors such as rainfall, foliage, fog, wind etc. The effects of fading, shadowing, path loss, rain and foliage in WSN are studied in this work that are discussed in below sections. A. Foliage model selection: Most of the empirical foliage loss models for the propagation path are exponential decay models, such as Weissberger model ,ITU Recommendation(ITU-R) model COST235 model, ITU-R model, Maximum attenuation (MA) model, Nonzero gradient (NZG) model, and Dual Gradient (DG) model [5]. In general, the exponential decay model has the following form [5]: (1) Where A, B, and C are the parameters from different experiments with regression techniques. The gradient models, the NZG model [5] was proposed by Seville to rectify the zero gradient problem associated with the MA model [5]. However the NZG and MA model are not taking the frequency information as inputs. Hence by these models, we cannot analyze the propagation effects of different frequencies. Subsequently, the DG model is proposed with the antenna beam width and the operating frequency as the input parameters. since there is no frequency information in both the NZG model and MA model [5]. The different models based on horizontal path propagation with its empirical formula are as follows: Weissberger model [5]: (2) Where f is the frequency(GHz) , and d is the distance of propagation through foliage it should be between 14 meter and 400 meter. ITU-R model [5]: (3) Where f is the frequency in MHz, and d is the tree depth in meter. MA model [5]: (4) Where Am is the maximum attenuation, R0 is the initial gradient of the attenuation rate curve, and d is the distance of propagation through the foliage. Since most of the wireless sensor networks uses GHz frequency range for communication, the weissberger model for determining the path loss effects in WSN. B. Rainfall model: The rainfall model is used to study attenuation in the transmited signal due to rain fall. Many scattering models are existing to find the signal degradation due to rainfall. But all those scattering models require the complex calculation of the distance between the scattering object and the receiver and the transmitter. The rainfall attenuation model’s applied equation is [1]: (5) Where, R is the rainfall rate in millimeter per hour. (6) (7) C. Fading Model: Fading is one of the major propagation effects in all wireless communication systems. The fading may differ with time, geographical position and radio frequency, and is modeled as a random process. A communication channel that experience fading is a fading channel. In any wireless systems, fading may either due to multipath propagation, known as multipath causing fading, or due to shadowing from obstacles affects the wave propagation, sometimes called as shadow fading. As Rayleigh fading model is used to model the fading in non line of sight path, it is used in this work. Rayleigh fading distribution is as follows [14]: (8) Where r is the rms value of the voltage of the signal and sigma is the standard deviation from the expected mean value. D. Log Normal Shadowing Model: The large scale signal power strength model is used for predicting the average signal strength as a function of distance between the Transmitter and Receiver which may include antenna gains, height, and frequency of operation. The path loss model does not discriminate between two locations which are at the same distance from the base station, but are at two distinct directions. This is due to the fact that the path loss model is not considering the effect of local clutter. In reality if we consider two locations then the local mean of the path losses will vary. The Path loss model only conveys an average value of path loss of the transmitted signal in a region or area. The local mean is a random value and its effect is calculated through the shadowing model. Thus the Path loss formula is extended in order to taken care the local mean variation as well. Hence the combined effect of the path loss and the shadowing are considered to calculate the received signal strength at a distanceâ €˜d’ [7]: (9) Where: K is a constant which depends on the antenna characteristics. à °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ¾ is the path loss exponent. à °Ã‚ Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ‚ ¹ is the Gaussian distributed random variable. The above mentioned propagation models are used to analyze the characteristics of the degrading signal such as received signal strength and the packet loss due to poor link quality. IV. Software Architecture: The architecture is designed in such a way to study the characteristics of the output signal with the different effects of the propagational parameters. In the figure 1, the propagation models module includes the fading model, shadowing model, rainfall attenuation model and vegetation attenuation model. Fig 1: Architecture used for the simulation The output signal is analyzed with link quality, received signal strength and the packet reception rate. The link quality is the ratio in the received signal strength to the noise power. Signal strength is the received signal strength received at the receiver. Packet loss is the number of packets received out of the total packet sent. It can also be inferred as the packet reception rate. V. Simulation and Results: A. Simulation modeling for rainfall attenuation model: According to equations (6), (7) and (8) we created different simulation scenarios in Qualnet to obtain a series of data with the link quality and received signal strength .The simulation results obtained using Qualnet GUI interface are shown in figure 5 and figure 6. B. Simulation of path loss: In Qualnet simulator a sensor network scenario is created where the sender node is sending a total of 100 packets. This scenario is used to infer the effect of path loss in the transmitted signal with combined effect of the environmental parameters such as the rainfall rate and the distance of propagation through foliage. Then at different transmitter-receiver distance, the path loss is calculated and plotted the graph in Matlab. From the investigation of the graph shown in figure 2, a 40 dB difference in the path loss estimated without the effect of the environmental factors than with the effect of the environmental factors. C. Simulation of packet reception rate: The packet reception rate is analyzed with the combined effect of the environmental factors like the rainfall rate and the distance of propagation through foliage. The result in figure 3 shows the packet loss due to the effect of environmental factors is higher than the scenario where there is no effect of environmental factors. This is due to the rainfall attenuation and the foliage effect. Analyzing the effects of these two factors is needed drastically to find out the minimum level of rainfall rate and the distance of propagation through foliage which affects the degradation of the signal. On analyzing the graph it conveys that rainfall Rainfall rate above 350 millimeter per hour is Environmental factors increase the effect of path loss which results in the reduction of the link quality. D. Effect of shadowing mean in the transmitted signal: The shadowing mean is varied and analyzed the packet loss with the variation. From the analysis of the simulation result, it is clear that the packet loss started when the shadowing mean is above 4dB. All the packets are lost when the shadowing mean is above 11dB. E. Effect of Rainfall rate in the transmitted signal: The variation in the rain fall rate has affected the signal only above 350mm/hr. No packet loss is observed within the range of 50-350mm/hr . The reduction in the link quality can result in packet loss is proved through simulation result which is shown in figure 6. Also the link quality of the signal is analyzed and The link quality is observed to be decreasing with  increase in rainfall rate. F. Effect of foliage in the transmitted signal: The distance of propagation through the foliage, affects the signal quality. Even the movement of vegetation due to degrade the signal quality which is not investigated in this paper. In figure 7, the simulation result of foliage model is shown. If the distance through foliage is more than 10 meters, it will affect the packet reception rate. The link quality is also analyzed with the variation in the distance through foliage. The result from graph in figure 8 shows if the distance through propagation is above 10 meters can affect the signal quality. G. Effect of transmission power in the packet loss: With the result obtained using the different rainfall rates which is shown in figure 9, it is clear that when rainfall rate is above 5.833 mm per minute packet loss is observed. So assuming the rainfall rate to be 5.833 mm per minute the distance through foliage is varied and the result is analyzed. Figure 9: Varying the distance through foliage with different transmission powers H. Real Data Analysis: The real data is received from the real-time wireless sensor network system for landslide monitoring, deployed at Munnar, India. 90% match with simulated result and real data from munnar is obtained in the real data analysis result shown in figure 10. The real data from landslide monitoring system is analyzed with the simulated result in the Qualnet with the combined effect of the environmental parameters like the rainfall rate, foliage, shadowing and fading. The result holds the fact that the models were showing similar results as in theoretical models. VI. Conclusion and Future works: To analyze the effect of propagation and environmental factors on the signal quality we implemented simulation of these models in the Qualnet. Simulation result shows the rainfall rate and the distance of propagation through foliage have a major effect on the performance of the network especially on the link quality and packet reception rate. Then the simulated result is analyzed with real time wireless sensor network system for landslide monitoring deployed at munnar. In future from these analyzed results we are planning to design an adaptive routing protocol that adapts its path with the best available link quality.